- Acid Water
- Any water solution that has more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-); any water solution with a pH less than 7.
- Acid Water
- Any water solution that has more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-); any water solution with a pH less than 7.
- Alkalinity
- Alkalinity means the buffering capacity of water; the capacity of the water to neutralize itself. It prevents the water pH levels from becoming too basic or acid. Alkalinity stabilizes water at pH levels around 7. In water Chemistry Alkalinity is expressed in ppm or mg/L of equivalent calcium carbonate. Total alkalinity of water is the sum of all three sorts of alkalinity; carbonate bicarbonate and hydroxide Alkalinity.
- Alluvial Groundwater
- Ground water that is hydrologically connected to a surface stream that is present in permeable geologic material, usually small rock and gravel.
- Aquifer
- Underground deposits of sand, gravel, or rock saturated with water. The two major types of aquifers are confined and unconfined.
- Artesian Well
- A well in which water under natural pressure rises to the surface without being pumped.
- Bicarbonate
- A salt of carbonic acid.
- Breakpoint Chlorination
- Addition of chlorine to water until there is enough chlorine present for disinfection of water.
- Demineralization
- Processes to remove minerals from water, usually the term is restricted to ion exchange processes.
- Dissolved Solids
- Solid materials, such as sugars or salt that are dissolved. The materials may be ionized or non-ionized. Ionized solids can be removed from the water by ion exchange.
- Distillation
- Water treatment method where water is boiled to steam and condensed in a separate reservoir. Contaminants with higher boiling points than water do not vaporize and remain in the boiling flask.
- Deionization
- Process that serves to remove all ionized substances from a solution.
- Filtration
- A process, either naturally occurring or artificial, whereby water passes through filters and is depleted of certain minerals or elements.
- Fluoridated Water
- Water that has fluoride added for the purpose of preventing tooth decay.
- Fluoride
- A compound of fluorine, such as stannous fluoride, used in preventive dentistry.
- Freshwater
- Water containing less than 1 mg/l of dissolved solids of any type.
- Groundwater
- Water that can be found in the saturated zone of the soil; a zone that consists merely of water. It slowly moves from places with high elevation and pressure to places with low elevation and pressure, such as rivers and lakes.
- Hard Water
- Water rich in calcium and magnesium salts, which causes soap to form curds. According to EPA studies, hard water suitable for drinking may result in lower incidence of heart disease. (See temporary hardness and permanent hardness. See also grains per gallon and calcium carbonate equivalent.)
- Municipal Water
- Water supplied by a city for public use; tap water. Usually held in a reservoir.
- Mineral Water
- Water that has large quantities of minerals, collected naturally by passing through various layers of earth and rock to the well or spring.
- Maximum Contaminant Level
- The maximum level of a contaminant allowed in water by federal law.
- Membrane Filter
- Very fine filter used in filtration systems, especially in reverse osmosis.
- Naturally Soft Water
- Ground, surface or rain water sufficiently free of calcium and magnesium salts so that no curd will form when soap is used.
- Naturally Sparkling
- Naturally carbonated.
- Ozonization
- A method of sanitizing water by using ozone which is made by forcing compressed air through a high voltage arc into the water.
- PPM
- Abbreviation for parts per million. Approximately equivalent to mg/liter.
- pH
- The value that determines if a substance is acid, neutral or basic, calculated from the number of hydrogen ions present. It is measured on a scale from 0 to 14, on which 7 means the substance is neutral. pH values below 7 indicate that a substance is acidic and pH values above 7 indicate that it is basic.
- Phenol
- A poisonous and carcinogenic chemical often found in municipal water supplies. Also known as carbolic acid, phenol is a benzene derivative.
- Purgative Water
- Water that has a laxative effect.
- PET
- Polyethylene Terephthalate, the popular high quality plastic bottle usually produced in smaller sizes (2-liters and under).
- Percolating Water
- Water that passes through rocks or soil under the force of gravity.
- Permanent Hardness
- Hardness due to sulfates, chlorides and/or nitrates of calcium and/or magnesium. This hardness cannot be removed by heating as can temporary hardness.
- Reverse Osmosis Process
- The Reversed Osmosis (RO) process uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate and remove dissolved solids, organics, pyrogens, submicron colloidal matter, viruses, and bacteria from water. The process is called 'reverse' osmosis since it requires pressure to force pure water across a membrane, leaving the impurities behind.
- Soft Water
- Water sufficiently frees enough of calcium and magnesium salts that no curd will form when soap is used. Curd formation becomes evident when ½ grain of calcium and/or magnesium salts per gallon of water is present.
- Softened Water
- Water that was originally hard, but from which enough calcium and magnesium ions have been removed so that no curd will form when soap is used. High in sodium chloride.
- Spring Water
- Water that flows naturally from an underground spring without the benefit of drilling or pumps.
- Still Water
- Flat, un-carbonated water.
- Surface Water
- All water naturally open to the atmosphere, concerning rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries and wetlands
- Thermal Water
- Hot water rising from deep within the earth where heated rocks are present.
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